Bibliography

Primary Sources
  • 43. Neither Black nor White - Unwanted and with Neither Birthright nor Heritage. 1928-1929. Photograph. A1, 1928/10743 Item #31708781. National Archives of Australia

  • 45. Some of the Occupants of the Alice Springs “Bungalow”. 1928-1929. Photograph. A1, 1928/10743 Item #31708783. National Archives of Australia.

  • 46. Flashlight Photograph. 10pm 15/1/28. January 15, 1928. Photograph. A1, 1928/10743, Item #31708778. National Archives of Australia.
  • 47. Same Place 10pm 15/1/28. 1929 1928. Photograph. A1, 1928/10743 Item #31708779. National Archives of Australia: Department of Home Affairs (Central Office).
  • 48. Another Flashlight View of the Alice Springs Bungalow. 1928-1929. Photograph. A1, 1928/10743 Item #31708780. National Archives of Australia.
  • Aboriginal Children. 1920. Photograph, 8.5 x 13.5 cm. Image #PRG 280/1/36/269, Record #b2144331. State Library of South Australia: Searcy Collection.
  • “Aboriginals Ordinance (No.2) 1924.” Commonwealth of Australia Gazette, May 29, 1924. Australian Government: Federal Register of Legislation.
  • Amos, Andrew. “Report of Trials in the Courts of Canada, Relative to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk’s Settlement on the Red River: With Observations.” London, 1820. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • “An Act Relating to British Nationality and Australian Citizenship.” Commonwealth of Australia, December 21, 1948. Australian Government: Federal Register of Legislation. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1948A00083. Accessed November 19, 2020.
  • “An Act to Amend an Act Intituled ‘An Act to Provide for the Protection and Management of the Aboriginal Natives of Victoria.’” John Ferres, Government Printer, December 16, 1886. Australasian Legal Information Institute.
  • “An Act to Amend and Consolidate the Laws Respecting Indians,” April 12, 1876. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada: Historical Legislation.
  • “An Act to Provide for the Better Protection and Management of the Aboriginal Natives of Western Australia, and to Amend the Law Relating to Certain Contracts with Such Aboriginal Natives,” September 2, 1886. AIATSIS Library.

  • Basedow, Herbert. The Australian Aboriginal. Adelaide: F.W. Preece and Sons, 1925.

  • Bleakley, J.W. Halfcaste Aboriginals - “The Bungalow” - Alice Springs. 1928. Photograph. A263 Item #7874005. National Archives of Australia.
  • ———. Halfcaste Boy and Girl - Goulburn Island Mission - since Sent to Southern College for Vocational Training. 1928. Photograph. A263 Item #7873232. National Archives of Australia.
  • ———. Halfcaste Boys and Girls Receiving Vocational Training - Groote Eylandt Mission. 1928. Photograph. A263 Item #7873258. National Archives of Australia.
  • ———. Halfcaste Inmates - Groote Eylandt Mission - Reverend H.E. Warren. 1928. Photograph. A263 Item #7873254. National Archives of Australia.
  • ———. [Kahlin] Halfcaste Home, Darwin. 1928. Photograph. A263 Item #7873196. National Archives of Australia.
  • ———. Three Young Halfcaste Children - Roper River Mission (The Parents Are Both Halfcastes and Married). 1928. Photograph. A263 Item #7873268. National Archives of Australia.
  • Bleakley, J.W. The Aborigines of Australia. Brisbane: Jacaranda Press, 1961.
  • Burwash, L.T. (Lachlan Taylor). A Oman, A Métis Cree Man, Hudson`s Bay Company, 1926. 1926. Photograph. R216, Volume: 14945, Accession #1973-357 NPC, Item #3379601. LAC Archives / Collections and Fonds.
  • ———. A. Oman, Halfbreed Cree Indian, Hudson’s Bay Company York Factory; Oman, Halfbreed Cree Indian, and Chipewyan Indian, Churchill. August 1926. 6 photographs (1 album page) : b&w silver gelatin prints mounted on paper. R216-1588-X-E, Volume #14945, Item #4848712. LAC Archives / Collections and Fonds.
  • ———. Métis Boy with a Bottle of Ginger Ale at Fort Norman, Northwest Territories. July 1930. Photograph. R216-1196-4-E, Volume: 14947, Accession #1973-357 NPC, Item #3379605. LAC Archives / Collections and Fonds.
  • ———. Mrs. Oman, a Métis Cree Cook with the Hudson’s Bay Company. July 1926. Photograph. R216, Volume: 14945, Accession #1973-357 NPC, Item #3379604. LAC Archives / Collections and Fonds.

  • ———. Mrs. Oman, a Métis Cree Cook with the Hudson’s Bay Company. July 1926. Photograph. R216, Volume: 14945, Accession #1973-357 NPC, Item #3379603. LAC Archives / Collections and Fonds.

  • ———. Oman, a Métis Cree Man. August 1926. Photograph. R216, Volume: 14945, Accession #1973-357 NPC, Item #3379602. LAC Archives / Collections and Fonds.

  • Children Kahlin Compound. December 31, 1920. Photograph : b&w.  11 x 15 cm. Photo #PH0238/2149. Library & Archives NT: Peter Spillett Collection.
  • Cochin, Louis. An Old Métis Couple. ca. 1905. Photograph. Item #S-B6802. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.

  • Cochin, Louis. Reminiscences: A Veteran Missionary of the Cree Indians and a Prisoner in Poundmaker’s Camp in 1885. Battleford, Saskatchewan: Canadian North-West Historical Society, 1927. https://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/1410.html. Accessed December 24, 2020.
  • “Colonization Plan.” The Carbon Chronicle. April 2, 1936, Volume 15, no. 9, p. 3. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • Commonwealth of Australia. “Aboriginal Welfare - Initial Conference of Commonwealth and State Aboriginal Authorities.” L.F. Johnston, Commonwealth Government Printer, April 21, 1937. AIATSIS Library.
  • “Continuation of The Story of The People of The Plains: The Vivid Scenes of the Hunting Camps on the Saskatchewan Prairies - Descriptions of the Methods Employed by Buffalo Hunters.” Redcliff Review. April 15, 1920, Volume 10, no. 16, p. 5. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • “Cross-Breeding Improving Humanity.” The Raymond Leader. November 2, 1911, Volume 9, no. 42, p. 5. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • “Disapprove Of Agreement.” The Carbon Chronicle. August 18, 1938, Volume 17, no. 29, p. 5. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • Ellis, M. H. “IN BLACK AUSTRALIA: The Alice Springs Bungalow. A Place of Squalid Horror. By the Special Commissioner of ‘The Advertiser.’” The Advertiser. October 9, 1924, Volume 67, no. 20591, p. 10. Trove. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/43241319#. Accessed November 14, 2020.
  • Finnie, Oswald S. Athabaska River at Athabaska Landing; [One Métis Man and Two Métis Women] at the Pelican; The South End of the Pelican Settlement; Part of the Pelican Settlement Showing Derricks of the Pelican Oil and Gas Company and the Base Line through the Centre of the Settlement. 1918. Photograph, 4 photographs (1 album page) : b&w silver gelatin prints mounted on paper. R216-2551-3-E, Volume: 14952, Accession #1974-366 NPC, Item #4877145. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • ———. Camp Scene Including One Metis Man, Two Metis Women, Tipi. 1918. Photograph. R216-3826-X-E, No container specified: 14952, Accession #1973-357 NPC, Item #3379597. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia, and Federal Executive Council. “Aboriginals: No. 16 of 1911. An Ordinance Relating to Aboriginals.,” 1911. AIATSIS Library.
  • Half-Breed Commission. At Grand Rapids (01). 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9812. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. At Onion Lake (01). 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9769. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. At Onion Lake (02). 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9770. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. At Onion Lake (04). 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9772. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. Baking Bannocks. 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9782. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. Commissioner’s Crew. 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9777. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. Edouard Cadotte and John Sayis. 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9779. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. François Lemire. 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9764. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • ———. The Commissioners’ Crew. 1900. Photograph. Item #S-B9811. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research: Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture.
  • Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. “Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families.” Parliamentary Paper (Australia. Parliament). Sydney: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 1997.
  • Indian or Metis Family. 1924. Photograph, 4.7 x 7.1 cm. Box: 3830, Accession #1977-233 NPC, Item #3228690. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • Laver, Frank. Aboriginal Children. 1919. Photograph. Photo #PH0820/0006. Library and Archives Northern Territory: Ann & Jim Buckley (Frank Laver) Collection.
  • Laver, Jack. Aboriginal Children. 1924. Photograph, 20.4 x 15.7 cm. Image #PRG 1365/1/242, Record #b2100997. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Aboriginal Children. 1924. Photograph, 20.7 x 15.7 cm. Image #PRG 1365/1/243, Record #b2100998. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Barrow Load of “Walkerville Bitter.” 1925. Photograph, 20.9 x 12.6 cm. PRG 1365/1/318. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Boxing Lessons. 1923. Photograph, 20.5 x 15.6 cm. Image #PRG 1365/1/317, Record #b2101098. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Boxing Lessons. 1923. Photograph, 20.5 x 15.9 cm. PRG 1365/1/316. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Boy Scouts at Drill. 1924. Photograph, 20.6 x 13 cm. PRG 1365/1/88. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Boys Awaiting Their Turn. 1924. Photograph, 20.5 x 14.3 cm. PRG 1365/1/256. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Inspecting the “Bungalow.” 1924. Photograph, 20.8 x 13.2 cm. PRG 1365/1/248. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Jack Laver with Aboriginal Boys. 1924. Photograph, 20.5 x 11 cm. PRG 1365/1/579. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Mrs Standley and Others. 1924. Photograph, 20.6 x 15.7 cm. PRG 1365/1/408. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Pastor Kramer and Children. 1924. Photograph, 20.8 x 12.4 cm. Image #PRG 1365/1/407, Record #b2101260. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Sports Day. 1924. Photograph, 20.5 x 13.2 cm. Image #PRG 1365/1/87, Record #b2100710. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Sports Day, Alice Springs. 1924. Photograph, 20.2 x 15.4 cm. PRG 1365/1/258. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • ———. Watching Drill. 1924. Photograph, 20.4 x 14 cm. Image #PRG 1365/1/92, Record #b2100715. State Library of South Australia: Laver Collection.
  • “Local.” The Edmonton Bulletin; The Calgary Herald. February 16, 1905, Volume 3, no. 18, p. 8, sec. Local. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • Metis, Baptise Necomis, Pictured in Front of a Log Structure, 1919. 1919. Photograph. Box: RV3-179 (606.1) 2, Accession #1960-125 NPC, Item #3358492. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • “‘Metis’ Dancers for Quebec.” Bassano Mail. October 16, 1930, Volume 28, no. 15, p. 4. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • Métis Family and Dogs in Front of a Log House, Buffalo Narrows, Saskatchewan. ca. early 1900s. Photograph. Box: 2684, Accession #1936-271 NPC, Item #3379607. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • [Métis Woman and Six Children beside a Log Building] Original Title: Family of Half-Breeds [between 1905-1931]. ca.  -1931 1905. Photograph. Box: 2684, Accession #1936-271 NPC, Item #3382552. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • Missionary Annie Lock with Enbarda (Betsy) Left, and Dolly Cumming, Both Children from the Alice Springs Area in Central Australia. Photo Taken in Darwin. Photo 93. 1928. Photograph. A1, 1929/984 Item #8189452. National Archives of Australia.
  • Moran, J.F. Miss Shepherd, Nurse at Shingle Point Anglican Mission ; Two Métis Children with an Inuk Child ; S.S. “Distributor”; S.S. “Medico.” 1930. Photograph, 4 photographs (1 album page) : b&w gelatin silver prints. R216, RG85, Volume: 14959, Accession #1973-357 NPC 1974-366 NPC, Item #5303459. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • ———. Two Métis Children with an Inuit Child at All Saints Residential School, 1930. 1930. Photograph. R216, RG85, Box: 3559, Accession #1973-357 NPC 1974-366 NPC, Item #5276681. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.

  • Page 22 of the Queenslander Pictorial, Supplement to The Queenslander, 17 March, 1917. March 17, 1917. Photograph; Newspaper Page, Newspaper: b&w. Image #702692-19170317-0022. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland: Picture Queensland - Digital Image Collection.
  • R. v. Powley, [2003] 2 S.C.R. 207, No. 28533 (Supreme Court of Canada September 19, 2003).
  • Roman Catholic Half-Breed [Métis], Fort Vermilion [Alta., ca. 1890-1910]. 1910 1890. Box: 2M DAP-13A/X1, Accession #1979-282 NPC, Item #3379598. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • School Children and Teacher. 1910. Photograph, 16.4 x 21.7 cm. Image #B 47648, Record #b2018616. State Library of South Australia: Alice Springs Collection.
  • Spence, H.S. Group of Métis Children and Two Women Sitting on a Large Rock, Fort Chipewyan, Alberta. ca. 1930s. Photograph. Box: 117, Accession #1965-040 NPC, Item #3379589. Library and Archives Canada / Collections and Fonds.
  • Spencer, Sir Walter B. Portrait of Jessie Hayes Holding Clem Smith, Taken at The Bungalow, Alice Springs, c.1923. 1923. Photograph, Silver gelatin print. Black and white portrait. Item #14917. Museums Victoria Collections: Baldwin Spencer Collection.
  • “St. Paul de Metis District Has Great Possibilities.” The Edmonton Bulletin. August 11, 1917, Volume 8, no. 89, p. 12. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • “Status Of the Metis.” The Carbon Chronicle. March 9, 1933, Volume 11, no. 5, p. 3. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • “The People of the Prairie And Something of Their History Before the Railways.” Claresholm Review-Advertiser. April 9, 1920, Volume 16, no. 8, p. 6. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
  • “The Problem Of The Metis.” Gleichen Call. August 2, 1939, Volume 32, no. 20, p. 2. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.

  • Walker, W.D. (William Delano). Residence in Alice Springs for Aboriginal Children. 1927. Photograph (b&w print); 10.3 x 16 cm. Image #B 53625, Record #b2075689. State Library of South Australia: Alice Springs Collection.
  • “Would Erect Monument to Riel.” The Mirror Journal. January 16, 1924, Volume 10, no. 5, p. 3. University of Alberta: Peel’s Prairie Provinces.
Secondary Sources
  • Austin, Tony. “Cecil Cook, Scientific Thought and ‘Half-Castes’ in the Northern Territory, 1927-1939.” Aboriginal History 14, no. 1–2 (1990): 104–22.
  • Bakker, Peter, and Robert A. Papen. “Michif and Other Languages of the Canadian Métis.” Gabriel Dumont Institute, May 2003. Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research.
  • Carment, David, Christine Edward, Barbara James, Robyn Maynard, Alan Powell, and Helen J. Wilson, eds. Northern Territory Dictionary of Biography: Revised Edition. Revised. Charles Darwin University Press, 2008.
  • Calabria, Tim. “The Bungalow and the Transformation of the’Half-Caste’ Category in Central Australia: Race and Law at the Limits of a Settler Colony, 1914-1937.” Law & History 7, no. 1 (2020): 89–122.
  • Collingwood-Whittick, Sheila. “Re-Presenting the Australian Aborigine: Challenging Colonialist Discourse Through Autoethnography.” World Literature Written in English 38, no. 2 (2000): 110–31.
  • Curtis, James. “Making Sense of Documentary Photography,” History Matters: The U.S. Survey on the Web, n.d., 1–24.

  • Dahl, Gregg. “A Half-Breed’s Perspective on Being Métis.” In Métis in Canada: History, Identity, Law & Politics, edited by Christopher Adams, Ian Peach, and Gregg Dahl, 93–139. University of Alberta Press, 2014.
  • Ellinghaus, Katherine. “Absorbing the ‘Aboriginal Problem’: Controlling Interracial Marriage in Australia in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries.” Aboriginal History Journal 27 (2003): 183–207.
  • Ens, Gerhard J., and Joe Sawchuk. From New Peoples to New Nations: Aspects of the Metis History and Identity from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-First Centuries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.
  • Gerber, George. “Foreword: What Do We Know?” In Television and Its Viewers, edited by J. Shanahan and M. Morgan, ix–xii. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Hogue, Michel. Metis and the Medicine Line: Creating a Border and Dividing a People. The University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
  • Hogue, Michel. “Still Hiding in Plain Sight?: Historiography and Métis Archival Memory.” History Compass 18 (2020): 1–11.
  • Jacobs, Margaret D. “Indian Boarding Schools in Comparative Perspective: The Removal of Indigenous Children in the United States and Australia, 1880-1940.” In Boarding School Blues: Revisting American Indian Educational Experiences. University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
  • Logan, Tricia. “Settler Colonialism in Canada and the Métis.” Journal of Genocide Research 17, no. 4 (2015): 433–52.
  • Luker, Vicki. “The Half-Caste in Australia, New Zealand, and Western Samoa between the Wars: Different Problem, Different Places?” In Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race, 1750-1940, edited by Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard, 307–35. Canberra: ANU ePress, 2008.
  • McMillan, Mark, and Cosima McRae. “Law, Identity and Dispossession – the Half-Caste Act of 1886 and Contemporary Legal Definitions of Indigeneity in Australia.” In Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism: Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World, edited by Zoë Laidlaw and Alan Lester, 233–44. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Mills, Kathy, and Tony Austin. “‘Talking About Cruel Things’: Girls’ Life in the Kahlin Compound, by Daisy Ruddick as Told to Kathy Mills and Tony Austin.” Hecate 15, no. 1 (May 1989): 1–14.

  • National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation - University of Manitoba. “Shingle Point Residential School,” n.d. https://memorial.nctr.ca/?p=1402. Accessed November 14, 2020. 
  • Parks & Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory. “Alice Springs Telegraph Station Historical Reserve: Plan of Management.” Northern Territory Government, May 2001.

  • Parry, Suzanne. “Identifying the Process: The Removal of ‘Half-Caste’ Children from Aboriginal Mothers.” Aboriginal History 19, no. 1–2 (1995): 141–53.
  • Schmidt, Hans C. “Sport Reporting in an Era of Activism: Examining the Intersection of Sport Media and Social Activism.” International Journal of Sports Communication 11 (2018): 2–17.
  • St-Onge, Nicole, Carolyn Podruchny, and Brenda Macdougall. Contours of a People: Metis Family, Mobility, and History. Vol. 6. New Directions in Native American Studies. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012.
  • “The Northern Territory of Australia: No. 9 of 1918. An Ordinance Relating to Aboriginals.” Albert J. Mullet, Government Printer for the State of Victoria, 1918. AIATSIS Library.
  • Vizina, Yvonne. “Métis Culture.” In Kā-Kī-Pē-Isi-Nakatamākawiyahk / Our Legacy: Essays, edited by Cheryl Avery and Darlene Fichter, 169–82. University of Saskatchewan, 2008.
  • Zogbaum, Heidi. “Herbert Basedow and the Removal of Aboriginal Children of Mixed Descent from Their Families.” Australian Historical Studies 34, no. 121 (April 2003): 122–38.
Bibliography